Developing a “National Culture:” The Impact of Radio Network Systems

Over the years, culture has obtained a broad and extensive definition that covers tangible to intangible elements that establish the basic dimensions of culture, to theories and ideologies that represent a deeper and more significant meaning of culture aside from shared common beliefs, traditions, and such. Indeed, culture may be defined in so many ways, under various circumstances, including how it frames race and ethnicity, how it shapes the structure of society within the national and international setting, and such.Therefore, the meaning or significance of culture, as well as the understanding of how it is developed depends upon the contextual backdrop or circumstances under which it is used. For instance, national culture refers to the kind and structure of culture that governs a nation or a country, despite cultural differences based on race or ethnicity, age, religion, location, and such. National culture is the kind of culture that keeps a nation together, identifying a kind of society and way of life that only exists and are attributed to a particular state or country.The establishment of national culture also differs from other types of culture. If culture founded on religion is established through shared beliefs based on spiritual principles or philosophies, national culture which encompasses a larger scale of population and coverage is developed through tools or instruments that directly attaches and unites the masses – that is the media, from broadcasting to advertising, and such. With this in mind, the remainder of this text will focus on culture and how it is developed, narrowing the broad area of culture to national culture.Moreover, the discussion will review the different network systems, specifically advertising, entertainment, and political broadcasting as mediums in cultivating national culture. National culture, as aforementioned, refers to the kind of culture that establishes the distinction between nations. It sets nations apart b y determining how one differs from another in terms of beliefs, traditions, norms and mores, ideologies, and such.National culture seeks to explicate why the act of spending time in the afternoon sitting down and drinking tea in the garden is a known English culture, and why resting for a short time in the afternoon or the siesta is credited to the Spanish culture. As simple as it may sound, national culture is the kind of culture that is present in beliefs, traditions, ideologies, norms and mores, and other practices that the majority, if not all, of a country’s population puts into practice.Since realizing that national culture is a phenomenon that necessitates massive influence to a large population, one might begin to wonder how this particular culture is cultivated due to its standards when it comes to population. We are looking into a tool, a device, or a system that facilitates the transfer of knowledge and information to many people all at the same time as a means of promoting or encouraging the large-scale practice or observation of a specific culture. This tool, device, or system is known as a network system which is fuelled by the structure and dimensions of mass media.Historical accounts will reveal how network systems have contributed to the development of national culture. The radio system was established before the television and television networks. Before people relied on television sets to bring them live video coverage of new features and breaking news here and abroad, and people went online to obtain various kinds of information from different places when and where they want it, they used to rely on radios for these particular purposes.In the 1920s, people relied on radios for news and other information and entertainment. People placed great importance on the radio system since it was able to become a variety of things all at once while reaching large populations in the process. For these reasons, corporations and organizations have identified an opportunity to develop their businesses out of the far-reaching powers and influence of the radio despite the fact that it was first introduced to the public as a means of disseminating significant information.Following the realization of the future of business and entrepreneurship in radio broadcasting, numerous radio stations and networks were established all over the nation transmitting what they feel the public wants and needs to know and grasp from radio transmissions. (Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 26-28) The radio system was utilized for various purposes, for advertising various goods and services available in the market, to entertainment in the form of music and other programs or shows, and to promote political agendas through broadcasting.Radio stations and networks were clever enough to incorporate various segments that appeal to diverse populations set during time slots that are most likely to draw large population of viewers, specifically the target viewers . For instance, news segments will be set at time when the entire family is at home sitting down to together to listen to new information and such. Other shows include musical segments, radio commentaries, and with advertisements in between.(Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 10-19) Since people during that time only had the radio as their means of linking themselves to the rest of the country and the world, radio stations and networks were in control of the information that goes through the system. This means that the kind of information or its contents being announced over the radio are the ones that people will have the opportunity of knowing and assimilating within their minds.This kind of exclusivity that exist between the radio system and its listeners is strengthened by the psychological fact that people clang to the radio since it made them feel involved and allied to the rest of the country and the world. The phenomenon, that is the connection between the radio and the public du ring that time, is similar to living inside a community isolated within a bubble or a dome wherein the structure of society is shaped and controlled by the structure and dynamics that springs within it. This metaphorical illustration depicts how the radio system has shaped national culture during that time.Business organizations who advertise through the radio, the kind of music most often played during musical segments, the coverage of news that radio stations are able to broadcast, as well as the kind of political information from public speeches, to press releases, and such, that the government announced through the radio system, were the only kind of information that the people obtained by listening to the radio all at the same time. Since the things or situations that people experience, by seeing, feeling, and in this case hearing, influences their state of mind, beliefs and ideologies, character, personal opinion, etc., and the things or situations that people experience by li stening to the radio are similar, their overall state of mind are shaped and influenced in the same manner more or less, consequently leading to the development of national culture through shared experiences by simply tuning in to the radio. The impact of the radio system is observed by reviewing history, particularly those that relate to politics since they reveal the greatest influence to national culture. For instance, China’s history reveals how the radio played a role in promoting the communist government of Mao Zedong.He controlled the kind of information that radio stations are allowed to broadcast to the public, particularly those that promote his government through the announcement of party decisions, knowledge and information that uphold communist ideologies, etc. , limiting knowledge and information that the Chinese people are allowed to learn, and also setting boundaries on how the nation is supposed to act, practice beliefs and traditions, promote ideologies and such. (Dominick, Messere & Sherman, 317-319)Another historical evidence which points to the influence of the radio system to shape national culture was the presidential elections in the United States in 1928. Apparently, the Republican Party chose to operate for the campaign by utilizing the radio system. Five speeches were allowed to be broadcasted through the radio convincing the people to vote for the party’s representative come election time. Sensing that the Republican Party has made a bold yet smart move in reaching the majority of the nation’s population, the Democratic Party followed in their opponent’s footsteps by broadcasting several speeches through the radio.The competition between the two parties commenced by their decision to make the radio a battle ground wherein the parties’ representatives aired their opinions through arguments and debates concerning major political, social, and economic issues that they believe the public wants and need s to know and understand in order to make a well-informed decision on who to vote for the presidency. However, the competition turned sour by scandalous attacks coming from both parties to weaken the momentum of the other party.The result of the antagonistic rivalry between the two parties was the involvement of the majority of the population in the election. Millions of people decided to register in order to vote since they believed that it was their role as citizens of the country to end the conflict by deciding who they want to become their national leader. (Rudel, 1-2) The influence of radio, being the only existing electronic medium during that time, was undeniable.The radio system, through its established capacity to influence majority of the nation’s population, was structured to monopolize everything that mass media offers to the public satisfying business organizations and political leaders, from advertising to entertainment, and even political broadcasting. The radi o’s ability to control and limit that kind of information being broadcasted through the airwaves to the people who constitute majority of the population led to the establishment of a national culture that was shaped by shared experiences through the radio system.

Chemotherapy: Understanding the Basics

There are many ways to give chemotherapy; as an IV where medication is put into he body using veins (usually in your arm), or as a catheter, or an IV that stays in a blood vessel in your chest, so a normal IV doesn't have to stay stuck in your arm. More ways that chemo can be given are pills, capsules, or liquids, shots into the muscle and skin, or as an injection into an area below the spinal cord. Places to give chemotherapy are hospitals, cancer centers, doctor's offices, and at home.Many patients receive chemo in hospitals and clinics, while others may need to stay in a hospital so doctors can look over them. Chemo may be given at different times such as every day, every week, or every month. Between treatments the patient needs time to rest. Undergoing chemo might have uncomfortable side effects caused by the medications, the amount taken, and the general health of the patient. Most side effects don't last long because the healthy cells multiply and side effects eventually go aw ay.Cancer patients get lots of TTL (tender, love, and care), like lots of food and water, physical therapy, medicines, etc. This type of care helps patients get through treatments and avoid side effects such as nausea and vomiting. This most common effect of chemo Is fatigue. Tiredness can last for days, weeks, or months, but It eventually goes away once the treatment Is over. Rest can assist the body to recover from chemo. Short-term side effects caused by chemo are stomach problems Like not being hungry, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.Some drugs used In chemotherapy might cause problems that bother or harm the bladder or kidneys. Another Issue caused by chemo Is brief depression and confusion, which should disappear when treatment Is finished. More side effects can be blood disorders Like anemia and blood clotting. Any organ Like the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver can be affected by chemo for a long period of time. Factors Like the type of drug and/or chemo and whether the patient was treated with radiation at the same time he or she was receiving the treatment may cause a higher risk of cancer later on.It can be hard to deal with cancer and cancer treatment. Even If the side effects are uncomfortable, It's Important to make the patient happy and ensure that chemo Is administered. Chemotherapy: Understanding the Basics By accepted effect of chemo is fatigue. Tiredness can last for days, weeks, or months, but it eventually goes away once the treatment is over. Rest can assist the body to recover Short-term side effects caused by chemo are stomach problems like not being hungry, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.Some drugs used in Another issue caused by chemo is brief depression and confusion, which should sappier when treatment is finished. More side effects can be blood disorders like Any organ like the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver can be affected by chemo for a long period of time. Factors like the type of drug and/or chemo and whether the patient was treated with radiation at the same time he or she was receiving the It can be hard to deal with cancer and cancer treatment. Even if the side effects are uncomfortable, it's important to make the patient happy and ensure that chemo is administered.

Esterification

To synthesis ecstatically acid by stratification. Introduction: A pleasant, often fruity, odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples, the odor of n-propel acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopleths acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An stratification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted in the reserve of a mineral acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.Because these reactions result in an equilibrium mixture of both products and reactants, the reaction conditions must be manipulated in order to produce a reasonable yield. A large excess of one of the reactants can be used in the starting mixture or alternatively, one of the products can be removed as the reaction proceeds (as by a distillation), to shift the equilibrium to the right. Other synthet ic pathways to esters also exist. Acid chlorides react with alcohols to yield an ester and hydrochloric acid.A small amount of pyridine is usually deed to the reaction mixture to neutralize the resulting acid. Acid anhydride can also react with alcohols to produce esters. Unlike the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols, neither of these two methods for preparing esters results in an equilibrium mixture. Ecstatically acid, or aspirin, is one of the most widely used and versatile drugs known today. It was first synthesized by Charles von Gerhardt in 1 853 and was later patented by a German dye chemist named Frederica Brayer in 1893 who recognized its potential as an analgesic (pain reliever).Salicylic acid, a impotent of willow and poplar bark, had been used as a pain killer for centuries, but its highly acidic property caused irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat and also resulted in uncomfortable gastric pain. By transforming the acidic phenol functio nality into an ester group, the compound retained its analgesic properties but lost some of its irritating side- effects. In addition to relieving pain, aspirin is also an antipathetic (fever reducer) and an anti-inflammatory agent (used for arthritis). Like all drugs, aspirin also has some undesirable side effects which should be tote.When taken in large quantities (several grams per day), gastric problems can result. Its use has been implicated in Rexes syndrome, a brain disorder that can affect people under the age of 18. Some people are highly allergic to aspirin. Finally, aspirin interferes with platelets and affects normal blood clotting which can lead to hemorrhaging in extreme cases. However, its anticoagulant properties can also be used to advantage in preventing blood clots from forming in the arteries. Recent studies have shown that the consumption of one half of an aspirin tablet per day can help to prevent heart attacks and strokes.Aspirin can be synthesized by the stra tification of salicylic acid via reaction with acetic anhydride. A few drops of phosphoric acid are added to serve as a catalyst for the reaction. The use of acetic anhydride as a reactant, instead of acetic acid, results in a rapid and irreversible conversion of salicylic acid to ecstatically acid. Experimental Procedure: Synthesis of ecstatically acid 1 . A 400 ml beaker containing about 150 ml of water was heated to the boiling point on a hot plate. 2. 2 g of salicylic acid was weighed out and it was placed in a 100 ml conical flask. . 5 ml of acetic anhydride was added into the conical flask. . 5 drops of 85% phosphoric acid, HAPPY was added. The flask was swirled to mix the reactants and then it was clamped in the boiling water bath. It was heated for about 8 minutes. 5. The flask was removed carefully from the hot water bath and the hot plate was turned off. 2 ml of distilled water was added cautiously to the flask. The water will react with any unrelated acetic anhydride whic h remains. 6. Once the reaction between acetic anhydride and water had subsided, 40 ml Of water Was added to the flask. 7. The contents was allowed to cool at room temperature for minutes then the flask was placed in ice. . The contents was stirred with a glass rod periodically during this cooling period. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and it was washed with cooled water. 9. A small portion (spatula-tip full, 20-30 MGM) of this crude ecstatically acid was set aside. 10. To recitalist the ecstatically acid, it was transferred to a 100 ml conical flask and 10 ml of 95% ethanol was added. 1 1. The flask was heated slowly on a hot plate just until the aspirin completely dissolved. As soon as all of the solid has dissolved, the flask was removed from the hot plate. 12.Water was added to the solution in 5 ml portions, it was swirled after each addition, until a total of 40 ml of water has been added. 13. The flask was placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes to complete the crystallization. 14. The purified aspirin was collected by vacuum filtration. The crystals was washed in the funnel with ice-cold water. The vacuum was left on for a few minutes to air dry the purified aspirin, the crystals was then pressed between two pieces of filter paper to thoroughly dry them. 5. The mass, yield and melting point of dried aspirin were obtained. Results: Weight of salicylic acid used: 2. 0021 g Weight of watch glass: 20. 536 g Weight of watch glass t product: 21. 6651 g Weight of product: 1. 3115 g no. Of mole of salicylic acid: = 0. 01450 mol Volume Of acetic anhydride used 5 ml Density of acetic anhydride = 1. 082 g/ml Mass of acetic anhydride used = 1. 082 g/ml x 5 ml = 5. 41 g no. Of mole of acetic anhydride: – 0. 0530 mol = 3. 66>1 Since the mol of salicylic acid is smaller than the mol of acetic anhydride, salicylic acid is a limiting agent. Mol of salicylic acid produced 1 mol of ecstatically acid. 0. 01450 mol of salicylic acid produced 0. 014 50 mol of ecstatically acid. Theoretical weight of ecstatically acid: 0. 1450 mol x 180. 16 gnu-mol = 2. 6123 g Percentage yield: x 100% = 50. 20 % 50 % Melting point of aspirin: 138 – 140 co Discussion: Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipathetic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory' agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The active ingredient in aspirin was found to be salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is shown below. In this experiment, aspirin is formed from the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride through stratification. Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with the carboxylic group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively low yield. If acetic anhydride was used instead of acetic acid, the reaction will be much faster and has a higher yield (since ac etic anhydride is much more reactive than acetic acid). Therefore, we used acetic anhydride for shorten the period f stratification. In order for reaction to occur faster, phosphoric acid was added as a catalyst. Then the solution was being placed in the hot water bath to heat up and thus triggering the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride.The reaction was shown as below: In this experiment, the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant and the acetic anhydride is in excess. The addition of distilled water into the mixture after it is being removed from the water bath is to let the water react with the remaining acetic anhydride in the mixture which are still not being reacted. A vigorous reaction will occur as the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride is exothermic. Once the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride has completed, more water was added, forming completing the reaction.Now the solution contains two kinds of products, which are ecstatically aci d and acetic acid, according to the reaction shown below. The reason why acetic acid is dissolved in this process but not ecstatically acid was due to the hydrogen bonding of acetic acid can form with water while ecstatically acid cannot. This is due to the large carbon group maintained by ecstatically acid which caused it to have difficulties from forming hydrogen bond with water. The aspirin collected will then be purified by rationalizations. In this purification method, the crude aspirin will be dissolved in a small amount of warm ethanol.Water was then be added and the solution was cooled slowly in the ice bath and then chilled. The ecstatically acid will recitalist, and the solid impurities (unrelated salicylic acid) should remain dissolved in the solution. The solid aspirin will again be collected using vacuum filtration. Rationalizations was needed to obtain a pure product from the crude product. Therefore, this aspirin should be more pure than the original aspirin. The fina l product was left in air dry and weighed. The theoretical and percentage yield was calculated. The weight of ecstatically acid obtained was 1. 115 g while the percentage yield of product was 50%. Besides, the melting point of ecstatically acid we obtained was in the range of 1 38 – 140 By comparing these observed melting points with the literature value of 138 – CHIC for ecstatically acid, it was found that the values were exactly the same, indicating that both rodents were ecstatically acid( previously stated as ecstatically acid and acetic acid). The above reaction was an example of an organic synthesis called stratification. Stratification is the acid catcalled reaction of a carboxylic (-COHO) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol to form a carboxylic ester.In the synthesis of aspirin, the -OH group is the phenol OH group attached to ring of the salicylic acid. The acetic group, ;COACH comes from acetic anhydride, and the reaction is catcalled by phosphori c acid, HAPPY. Salicylic acid has a higher priority as it has a benzene ring which s more stable than the open chain of acetic anhydride because it has more resonance. Salicylic acid reacts better with acetic anhydride than acetic acid, so acetic acid will provide the acetic group which will react with the alcoholic – OH group on the salicylic acid.The hydrogen ion from the hydroxyl group in the salicylic acid breaks away first, then combines with the oxygen which has a negative charge after acetic anhydride is broken into two parts, which are an alkyl carbonyl group and -?CHOC- group. This is how acetic acid is formed. Later on, the alkyl carbonyl group of acetic anhydride which now has positive charge due to the lack Of oxygen atom, connects to the oxygen atom which has a negative charge, lastly produced ecstatically acid as a neutral compound product.The mechanism of how an ecstatically acid formed from stratification reaction will be shown: Precaution steps: 1 . When hand ling phosphoric acid, students should be aware of spill it out because it is corrosive. 2. When adding water to the heated solution, students should be careful and added in small amount of water because it may splatter to the surroundings due to the vigorous reaction. 3. The elution was allowed to cool at room temperature before putting it into the ice bath for the process of crystallization in order to get crystals in a nicer form and in correct manner.

Cooper Industries Case Study Essay

OVERVIEW: Cooper Industries is a broadly diversified manufacturer of electrical and general industrial products, and energy related machinery and equipment. The company operates in three different business segments with 21 separate profit centers. These segments include electrical and electronic, commercial and industrial, compression, drilling and energy equipment. The product line is consisted of cheap fuses to $3 million compressor tribune sets along with products such as hand tools and light fixtures. The company bid a $21-a-share tender offer to acquire Champion Spark Plug, manufacturer of auto spark plugs, as a counter offer for the Dana Corp.’s $17.50-a-share bid. Also, in the mean time, Cooper Industries was considering a $700 million bid for Cameron Iron Works. Even though purchasing either or both companies will give operational and organizational advantages, there were high financial risks involved. Undertaking both acquisitions would result in a 55% to 60% debt to capitalization ratio. ANALYSIS: Cooper Industries acquired more than 60 manufacturing companies over a thirty year span in order to increase the size and the scope of the company. Most of the acquired companies made it possible for Cooper to be independent of the outside environment and giving full control of the manufacturing process concerning their business while avoiding anti-trust allegations. Cooper basically purchased every company that is vital to its energy industry and all the side industries that effect it. From tools to fuses to cables to the drilling equipment was manufactured and distributed by the corporation’s divisions. Each acquisition is decided from a wish list that was closely examined and studied. At the time of the take over, the Management Development & Planning division would implement the corporate strategy in a period of three to five years. This involves diversification and elimination of the products that are poor sellers. In some cases the production plant is relocated and the staff is reorganized for the best efficient set up. In time all these companies are turned into profit centers. RECOMMENDATIONS: One of my first suggestions will be to consider Cameron Iron Works first since all the valves and other natural gas and petroleum products will be more beneficiary. Apparently there is more demand for Cameron’s products than the Champions. Little adjustments in the production process along with the ‘Cooperization’ adjustment will have make the company efficient in a short period of time. In contrast, Champion is considered to have 1950’s production techniques and only one product line, spark plugs, which will require tremendous changes within the company. The other option may be to purchase both of the companies, regardless of the financial risks involved. By allocating all the departments such as Management Development & Planning in the process, Cooper may turn things around. Since the beginning, Cooper’s way of acquiring companies seem to create success stories in the end. Champion still has brand name recognition in Europe and Asia (personal knowledge) which maybe taken advantage of. Major changes for the American market may take place while the revenues from the overseas sales finance the process. And once the changes are made in here, according to the demand the product line maybe readjusted for those markets. One other option for the Champion acquisition maybe to consider other possible options in the automotive parts industry. There may be other companies requiring less adjustment, and maybe turned into profit centers in less time than Champion. If buying both the companies is not possible at the time, then Cameron seems like a better option giving independence to Cooper in the valve dependence. Utilization of this company seems more of a priority at the time. However Dana may end up buying Champion if Cooper delay the acquisition.

Denial and deception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Denial and deception - Essay Example The particulars of D&D thus deserve closer academic scrutiny. According to Shulsky (2000, p. 17), â€Å"‘Denial’ refers to the attempt to block all information channels by which an adversary could learn some truth (e.g., about a military development program, a policy, a course of action, etc.), thus preventing him from reacting in a timely manner.† Thus, â€Å"denial† includes all methods that may be employed in order to safeguard information that may be â€Å"classified†, such as security programs. Shulsky also wrote: â€Å"’Deception’ by contrast refers to the effort to cause an adversary to believe something that is not true, to believe a ‘cover story’ rather than the truth, with the goal of leading him to react in a way that serves one’s own interests, rather than his.† â€Å"Deception† therefore involves creating an â€Å"alternative reality† which the target is induced to believe. While denial and deception are two different concepts, they are so intertwined in practice as to make one a necessary adjunct to the other. After all, deceiving one into believing a story other than what is reality is denying him the reality. According to (Caddell, 2004), deception is traditionally accepted as an integral component of political and military conflict. It is even a popularly accepted truth that a certain level of deception regularly occurs in all levels and types of human interaction and even in nature. Disinformation/deception, however, should not be confused with unintentional misinformation. Deception has two elements: intention to disinform, and intention to gain an advantage from the disinformation. In nature, deception exists in some forms of natural defense among flora and fauna. For instance, protective coloration or â€Å"camouflage† is common, in order to visually conceal the plant or animal in its natural habitat. Some animals are

Reading Response 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response 7 - Essay Example ocial networking sites are obvious—students feel more connected and display more confidence when they are active participants on social networking sites. From my point of view, teachers who discourage the use of social networking sites only turn students against them. While social networking sites can be used for purposes other than schoolwork, which takes away from studies, there are many instances where social networking sites can assist students’ performance. Say for example than a student does not understand a concept completely and requires some additional help. If this is so, that particular student could ask for help from their peers and receive almost an instant response. The article does mention the downsides of using Facebook, such as lower grades, less money from part-time jobs, and loneliness. While all these things must be taken into consideration, I believe that the positives outweigh the negatives, and so social networking sites are something that should be encouraged. Lori Aratani’s article â€Å"Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs† discusses an issue that is rarely brought up. I can relate to Megan Casady because my life follows a similar trajectory. I am always moving from one task to the next while trying to juggle a few things at a time. But I don’t think that it is all bad because it shows how productive young people can be. Teenagers are at an age where they have the energy to go out and do all sorts of stuff, so why not let them have the freedom to do that if they wish? I admit that I do not really think about the consequences of multitasking; it is just something that we do. I think it comes from the pressure to be more than we currently are. I mean, there are only so many hours in the day, and it seems like a race to get as many things done as possible. If people took the time to slow down and concentrate on the small tasks in life, it may lead a healthier individual. This is something that I should maybe take in to

The Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Anxiety and Depression among Research Paper

The Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Anxiety and Depression among Nursing Home Patients - Research Paper Example   The relation between animals and humans has always been a powerful bond. For many years, this bond has remained a source of relief and solace for many people who are suffering or have suffered from emotional or physical pain. This relationship regarding healing power is practiced today and is known as Animal Assisted Therapy or pet therapy (Le Roux and Kemp, 2009). Animal-assisted therapy Animal Assisted Therapy or AAT is a form of therapy in which animals are involved for treatment. AAT helps in improving patient’s emotional, social or cognitive functioning. The animals which assist in the therapeutic treatment include farm animals, domesticated pets, and marine mammals. Animal-Assisted Therapy is used to help children and adults in cases where they have experienced neglect, abuse, depression, anxiety, undergoing chemotherapy or through other medical treatments etc. Today, Animal Assisted Therapy is gaining much importance and it is noted that it will grow into mainstream healthcare practices. Dogs are mostly used for this therapy as they are classified as facilitators to recovery, preventers of sickness and as the predictors of bad health. Moreover, dogs also have excellent sociability and training skills. AAT therapy is now recognized by almost all medical and healthcare professionals. The therapy is basically meant to treat depression, mental disorders, anger, stress, anxiety, loneliness, other mood disorders and psychological health of individuals (Stasi, Amati, and Costa, 2004). Anxiety and stress are regarded as a major cause of diseases of cardiovascular areas. It has been hypothesized by researchers that comrade animals may provide to lessen anxiety and stress levels (Siegel, 1990). Numerous instigators have reported lesser readings for blood pressure among children and adults in the presence of such a companion animal during worrying activities.Animals have been associated with positive effects on patients in a variety of healthcare setting s (Friedman et al, 1983). The initial introduction of animals to such settings involved frequent visits to the treatment programs. However, now animals are intentionally involved in treatments via numerous interventions included in the animal-assisted therapy. Over the past few decades, Animal-assisted therapy or Pet Therapy has gained extensive application and support in almost all parts of the world. In this therapy, the animals are provided with special pieces of training before their interaction with patients. AAT has been shown to have positive mental, physical, motivational and educational effects on participants (Johnson and Haubner, 2008). That is the reason why this therapy is largely used for rehabilitation and recovery of mood disorders. The studies by Muschel, Gagnon et al., Wells, Schnipper and Weber (1984, 2004, 1998, 2005 and 2004) investigated the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on the cancer patient. All these studies concluded that cancer patients were benefitted from this therapy.  Ã‚